LES SUPER-CHAMPIGNONS ET LA SANTÉ HOLISTIQUE

La majorité des champignons médicinaux vivent dans les troncs d'arbres. Il en est des ganodermas de nos forêt commes des maitakes que nous cultivons nous même sur des troncs d'ardres. Ces super-champignons sont riches en polysaccharides et autres éléments pouvant donner un booste non négligeables à l'immunité et la santé. Des milliers d'études existent. Ci-après une liste partielle de quelques champignons que les peuples anglo-américaines commencent a appelé les "super-mushrooms". Avec quelques preuves à l'appui.

En haut: des Ganoderma lucidum (ou reishi) que l'on trouvent dans nos forêts.

Traduction en cours.

1. Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae (reishi/lingzhi)

Tea made from reishi mushrooms is the premiere tonic herb in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In TCM an extract of the mushroom fruit body is used, never the mycelium. The modern clinical research has also confirmed that Reishi mushrooms, not the mycelium, must be used as the mushroom contains essential beneficial compounds that the reishi mycelium is missing.

The shiny red surface on the cap of the reishi mushroom, a physical feature not present in the mycelium, contains the triterpenes that provide the significant health benefits for the liver Reishi is famous for. This mushroom is currently being used and studied in human clinical trials at Bastyr University, one of the top Naturopathic Medical Colleges in North America.

Língzhī (reishi) Young-Ji, 灵芝, 영지) Chinese for "spirit plant" is the name for the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Several species of Ganoderma have been used in traditional Asian medicines for thousands of years. The medicinal effects of the mushroom are thought to be due to triterpenes like ganoderic acid, as well as beta-glucan compounds. The health benefits of reishi are described in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic and Pen T'sao Kang Mu "Great Pharmacopoeia". The reishi mushroom is a symbol for health, and is depicted in the Emperor's residences in the Forbidden City.

Modern scientific research examining reishi mushrooms has revealed a variety of potential health benefits. Cellular and animal research has shown reishi may contain anticancer and immune system enhancing properties. (Lin ZB, Zhang HN (November 2004). "Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 25 (11): 1387–95).

 

2. Trametes Versicolor

Trametes Versicolor (Coriolus versicolor, turkey tail, kawaratake, yun-zhi, 云芝) is probably the best documented medicinal mushroom. An isolate derived from Trametes versicolor, known as polysaccharide-K (PSK or PSP), is used in some countries as an adjunctive therapy for patients undergoing chemotherapy for cancer. Also known by its brand name Kresin, it is intended to counteract the negative effect that many chemotherapeutic agents have on the immune system. Polysaccharide-K has been studied clinically, the largest study being a meta-analysis of over 8,000 human cancer patients. (Oba K, Teramukai S, Kobayashi M, Matsui T, Kodera Y, Sakamoto J (June 2007). "Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer". Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 56 (6): 905–11. doi:10.1007/s00262-006-0248-1.

In Japan, the Health and Welfare Ministry (equivalent to the United States'FDA approved polysaccharide-K in the 1980s. (American Cancer Society (2008). "Coriolus Versicolor". Polysaccharide-K remains a best selling anticancer medicine in Japan, and it is commonly used as a supplement to surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. (Source)

 

3. Grifola frondosa (Maitake)

Grifola frondosa, Maitake (hen of the woods) is an edible mushroom commonly found on oak trees. The mushroom has long been esteemed in Japan and during feudal times, was worth its weight in silver.Maitake has been researched for possible anticancer activity. Researched polysaccharide compounds isolated from maitake include "MD-fraction" and "Grifron-D". Published research conducted with maitake, MD-fraction, and Grifron-D has demonstrated inhibiting effects on humans in clinical trials. (Kodama N, Komuta K, Nanba H (June 2002). "Can maitake MD-fraction aid cancer patients?". Alternative Medicine Review 7 (3): 236–9.

In 2009, a phase I/II human trial, conducted by Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, showed maitake could stimulate the immune systems of breast cancer patients. (Deng G, Lin H, Seidman A (September 2009). "A phase I/II trial of a polysaccharide extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in breast cancer patients: immunological effects". Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology 135 (9): 1215–21. doi:10.1007/s00432-009-0562-z.

That same year, researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital, stated randomized controlled trials were warranted to investigate claims of maitake for cancer, diabetes, and immunostimulation. (Ulbricht C, Weissner W, Basch E, et al. (2009). "Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa): systematic review by the natural standard research collaboration". Journal of the Society for Integrative Oncology 7 (2): 66–72.

In 1997, the FDA approved an Investigational New Drug Application for a portion of the mushroom.Maitake may partially inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (the same enzyme which is the target of Advil, Tylenol, and other NSAIDS). An experiment showed that an extract of Maitake inhibited angiogenesis. (Lee JS, Park BC, Ko YJ (December 2008). "Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom) water extract inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis through inhibition of reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation". Journal of Medicinal Food 11 (4): 643–51. doi:10.1089/jmf.2007.0629.

Maitake and the tea from maitake mushrooms are used to maintain, protect or restore immune health. Maitake mushrooms are called the "dancing mushroom" in Japanese folklore and make a very tasty addition to the dinner table, being used in a variety of soups and sauces.

4. Agaricus subrufescens (Agaricus blazei)

Agaricus blazei (Agaricus brasiliensis, Agaricus sylvaticus, agarikusutake, kawarihiratake, himematsutake, 姫松茸) is a species of mushroom that research has shown may stimulate the immune system and exhibit anticancer activity.Hetland G, Johnson E, Lyberg T, Bernardshaw S, Tryggestad AM, Grinde B (October 2008). "Effects of the medicinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on immunity, infection and cancer". Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 68 (4): 363–70. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02156.x.

Unlike some other medicinal mushrooms, Agaricus blazei was not cultivated in the Eastuntil fairly recently. In Japan, Agaricus blazei is a highly popular alternative medicine, which is used by close to 500,000 people.

In Japan, Agaricus blazei is also the most popular complementary and alternative medicine used by cancer patients. According to the Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center, the number 2 ranked cancer hospital in the US according to U.S. News,"there is some proof showing Agaricus extract may benefit patients with certain cancers. But more studies are needed to confirm these observations."

Additional research suggests, Agaricus blazei can partially inhibit aspects of angiogenesis (Niu YC, Liu JC, Zhao XM, Wu XX (January 2009). "A low molecular weight polysaccharide isolated from Agaricus blazei suppresses tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo". Oncology Reports 21 (1): 145–52.http://www.spandidos-publications.com/or/article.jsp?article_id=or_21_1_145. See also Kimura Y, Kido T, Takaku T, Sumiyoshi M, Baba K (September 2004). "Isolation of an anti-angiogenic substance from Agaricus blazei Murill: its antitumor and antimetastatic actions". Cancer Science 95 (9): 758–64.) Most published research concerning Agaricus blazei is focused on its potential as an anticancer agent as shown in the table below. It is important to note, however, that much of the promising research is on cellular or animal models, and few of the health claims for this mushroom have been evaluated in large human clinical trials.

Human clinical trials showed that this supermushroom benefited hematological and immunological parameters (randomized, placebo-controlled)Fortes RC, Novaes MR, Recôva VL, Melo AL (January 2009). "Immunological, hematological, and glycemia effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus sylvaticus on patients' colorectal cancer". Experimental Biology and Medicine 234 (1): 53–62. doi:10.3181/0806-RM-193.

 

5. Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom)

The oyster mushroom (hiratake, píng gū, 平菇) naturally contains a statin compound known as lovastatin, which, in its purified or synthetic form, is used as a statin drug to lower elevated cholesterol. In vitro research has shown that oyster mushrooms can reduce the growth of human breast and colon cancer cells in cellular assays. Jedinak A, Sliva D (December 2008). "Pleurotus ostreatus inhibits proliferation of human breast and colon cancer cells through p53-dependent as well as p53-independent pathway". International Journal of Oncology 33 (6): 1307–13.

 

6. Agaricus bisporus (common mushroom, portobello)

The white button, crimini, and portobello (common mushroom, champignon mushroom) is the world's most popular edible mushroom, and is known by many names. The French play a role in this mushroom's popularity, having cultivated the mushroom since the 1600s. White button mushrooms may reduce the risk of breast cancer, because they have been shown in vitro to inhibit the enzyme aromatase, which is used by the body to create estrogen. Grube BJ, Eng ET, Kao YC, Kwon A, Chen S (December 2001). "White button mushroom phytochemicals inhibit aromatase activity and breast cancer cell proliferation". The Journal of Nutrition 131 (12): 3288–93. See also: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11739882.  As well as Chen S, Oh SR, Phung S (December 2006). "Anti-aromatase activity of phytochemicals in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)". Cancer Research 66 (24): 12026–34. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-2206

In vivo research conducted on mice suggests the white button mushroom may enhance aspects of the immune system.In vitro testing has shown a compound present in the white button mushroom has anticancer properties, inhibiting the growth of various cancer cell lines. Ren Z, Guo Z, Meydani SN, Wu D (March 2008). "White button mushroom enhances maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice". The Journal of Nutrition 138 (3): 544–50.http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18287364. See alsoWu D, Pae M, Ren Z, Guo Z, Smith D, Meydani SN (June 2007). "Dietary supplementation with white button mushroom enhances natural killer cell activity in C57BL/6 mice". The Journal of Nutrition 137 (6): 1472–7. As well as http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17513409. And Yu L, Fernig DG, Smith JA, Milton JD, Rhodes JM (October 1993). "Reversible inhibition of proliferation of epithelial cell lines by Agaricus bisporus (edible mushroom) lectin". Cancer Research 53 (19): 4627–32.

7. Lentinula edodes (Shiitake)

Shiitake (椎茸, 香菇, 표고) is a popular culinary mushroom used in dishes around the world. The mushroom also has a extensive history as a folk remedy. During the Ming Dynasty(AD 1368–1644), physician Wu Juei wrote that shiitake was a remedy for upper respiratory diseases, poor blood circulation, liver trouble, exhaustion, and weakness. Modern research has indicated that shiitake mushroom may stimulate the immune system,possess antbacterial properties, reduce platelet aggregation,and possess antiviral properties,Yamamoto Y, Shirono H, Kono K, Ohashi Y (November 1997). "Immunopotentiating activity of the water-soluble lignin rich fraction prepared from LEM--the extract of the solid culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 61 (11): 1909–12. doi:10.1271/bbb.61.1909, possibly through anti-viral agents known as proteinase inhibitors. An isolate of shiitake mushrooms, known as Active Hexose Correlated Compound, is an alternative medicine used by Japanese cancer patients, and current research is examining its use as an adjunctive treatment for people with hepatocellular cancer.

Lentinan, a compound isolated from shiitake, is used as an intravenous anticancer agent in some countries.Studies have demonstrated lentinan possesses antitumor properties, Kim HS, Kacew S, Lee BM (August 1999). "In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor)". Carcinogenesis 20 (8): 1637–40. doi:10.1093/carcin/20.8.1637 and human clinical studies have associated lentinan with a higher survival rate, higher quality of life, and lower recurrence of cancer. Clinical research with lentinan includes studies with 78 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, 32 gastric cancer patients, a multi-institutional study of lentinan and gastric cancer,a meta-analysis of lentinan and gastric cancer, 80 colorectal cancer patients,20 gastric cancer patients, 36 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and 29 pancreatic cancer patients.Shimizu K, Watanabe S, Watanabe S (2009). "Efficacy of oral administered superfine dispersed lentinan for advanced pancreatic cancer". Hepato-gastroenterology 56 (89): 240–4. The City of Hope National Medical Center is currently conducting clinical trials to determine if a select portion of the shiitake mushroom, which includes lentinan, can inhibit lung cancer.

8. Hericium erinaceus

9. Flammulina velutipes (Enokitake)

Enokitake (えのき茸, 팽이버섯) are long, thin white mushrooms commonly used in Asian cuisines. Enokitake contain compounds with antitumor activity, and epidemiological studies in Japan have associated the mushroom with lower cancer rates.Monro JA (August 2003). "Treatment of cancer with mushroom products". Archives of Environmental Health 58 (8): 533–7. doi:10.3200/AEOH.58.8.533-537 In vivo research showed that proflamin, a compound isolated from enokitake provided an 85% longer survival time in mice with cancer. Another in vivo study showed that enokitake demonstrated anticancer activity in Swiss albino mice with Sarcoma 180Cf.kekawa T, Uehara N, Maeda Y, Nakanishi M, Fukuoka F (March 1969). "Antitumor activity of aqueous extracts of edible mushrooms". Cancer Research 29 (3): 734–5

10. Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom)

11. Sparassis crispa

Sparassis crispa (cauliflower mushroom, hanabiratake) has been found, in vivo, to contain compounds which stimulate the immune system and offer an anticancer effect.Harada T, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohno N (December 2002). "IFN-gamma induction by SCG, 1,3-beta-D-glucan from Sparassis crispa, in DBA/2 mice in vitro". Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research 22 (12): 1227–39. doi:10.1089/10799900260475759

In vivo research showed a compound contained in the mushroom inhibited solid Sarcoma 180 tumors in mice. An in vivo experiment with leukopenic mice, noted that a beta-glucan isolated from the mushroom stimulated white blood cell production.Harada T, Miura N, Adachi Y, Nakajima M, Yadomae T, Ohn N (July 2002). "Effect of SCG, 1,3-beta-D-glucan from Sparassis crispa on the hematopoietic response in cyclophosphamide induced leukopenic mice". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25 (7): 931–9. doi:10.1248/bpb.25.931

One in vitro experiment with human blood cells noted an extract of the mushroom could stimulate IL-8 production. Nameda S, Harada T, Miura NN (August 2003). "Enhanced cytokine synthesis of leukocytes by a beta-glucan preparation, SCG, extracted from a medicinal mushroom, Sparassis crispa". Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 25 (3): 321–35. doi:10.1081/IPH-120024500

12. Pleurotus eryngii (King oyster mushroom)

Pleurotus eryngii (king oyster mushroom, 杏鮑菇, エリンギ) is an edible mushroom. In vitro research with murine T-cells, showed king oyster mushrooms may stimulate the immune system by way of increasing production of interferon-gamma and IL-4.Nozaki H, Itonori S, Sugita M (August 2008). "Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 alpha/beta TCR-double positive cells in vitro". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 373 (3): 435–9. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.047

13. Piptoporus betulinus

Piptoporus betulinus (birch bracket mushroom, kanbatake) may possess anticancer properties, Kawagishi H, Hamajima K, Inoue Y (December 2002). "Novel hydroquinone as a matrix metallo-proteinase inhibitor from the mushroom, Piptoporus betulinus". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 66 (12): 2748–50. doi:10.1271/bbb.66.2748.  (primary, physical chemistry) as well as anti-inflammatory properties,anti-bacterial properties, and anti-viral properties.

14. Agrocybe aegerita

Agrocybe aegerita (chestnut mushroom, velvet pioppino, Agrocybe cylindracea, yanagimatsutake, zhuzhuang-tiantougu) contains compounds with inhibitory properties against the enzyme cyclooxygenase (the same enzyme which is the target of Advil, Tylenol, and other NSAIDS). Zhang Y, Mills GL, Nair MG (2003). "Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the fruiting body of an edible mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita". Phytomedicine 10 (5): 386–90. doi:10.1078/0944-7113-00272. An in vitro experiment, revealed the mushroom may offer anti-cancer and immune-stimulating properties.Yoshida I, Kiho T, Usui S, Sakushima M, Ukai S (January 1996). "Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXVII. Immunomodulating activities of carboxymethylated derivatives of linear (1-->3)-alpha-D-glucans extracted from the fruiting bodies of Agrocybe cylindracea and Amanita muscaria". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19 (1): 114–21.

 

15. Cordyceps

 

Cordyceps is a diverse supplement. It is used to promote energy and endurance, as well as for issues relating to respiratory health, kidney health, immune health, occasional fatigue and adrenal fatigue.

All of the modern clinical research on Cordyceps has been conducted with hot water extracts of the Cordyceps sinensis Cs-4 strain, the same strain we use at MushroomScience to produce our high potency Cordyceps extract. Every batch of MushroomScience Cordyceps is guaranteed to contain the same effective levels of polysaccharide and adenosine compounds as used in the human clinical research.

Cordyceps (caterpillar fungus, tochukasu) is a parasitic fungus which grows out of insects it has infected. The fungus remains essentially dormant until the caterpillar dies; the fungus then replaces the caterpillar's body with its own material and grows its stalk upward and above-ground. The mushroom has a long history in traditional Chinese medicine as well as traditional Tibetan medicine. In Tibet Cordyceps is a cash crop, with an steadily increasing value. During the Nepalese Civil War factions fought for control of the Cordyceps trade. Research has indicated Cordyceps may promote cellular health,Ko WS, Hsu SL, Chyau CC, Chen KC, Peng RY (July 2009). "Compound Cordyceps TCM-700C exhibits potent hepatoprotective capability in animal model". Fitoterapia 81 (1): 1. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2009.06.018, have anti-depressant activity, as well as possible anti-cancer activity. "Scientists discover how wild mushroom cancer drug works". BBC News. 2009-12-29. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8428340.stm. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 

16. Phellinus linteus

Extracts from Phellinus linteus (mesima, meshimakobu, song-gen, sang-hwang) have been used for centuries in traditional Korean medicine. A paper published by Harvard Medical School, reported that Phellinus linteus is a possible anticancer agent, however the paper states more research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind Phellinus linteus. In vitro research published by the British Journal of Cancer, demonstrated one possible anticancer mechanism behind Phellinus linteus. It was found that the mushroom inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells by way of inhibiting the enzyme AKT, as well as inhibiting angiogenesis. "Mushroom extract may stop breast cancer growth | Global Industries | Health & Drugs | Reuters". Uk.reuters.com. 2008-04-15. http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKL1582873820080415. Retrieved 2010-01-18.

 

REFERENCES

• Beta-glucan
• MC-S a complementary cancer therapy, sold in Australia, made from a blend of mushroom polysaccharides including polysaccharide-k (Krestin).
• Mushrooms and vitamin D
• Mycorrhiza
• Red yeast rice

 

 

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